Romans 2:1–3
THEREFORE thou art inexcusable, O man, whosoever thou art that judgest: for wherein thou judgest another, thou condemnest thyself; for thou that judgest doest the same things.
¶ Therefore, thou art inexcusable, O man, whosoeuer thou art that iudgest: for wherein thou iudgest another, thou condemnest thy selfe, for thou that iudgest doest the same things.
But we are sure that the judgment of God is according to truth against them which commit such things.
But wee are sure that the iudgement of God is according to trueth, against them which commit such things.
And thinkest thou this, O man, that judgest them which do such things, and doest the same, that thou shalt escape the judgment of God?
And thinkest thou this, O man, that iudgest them which doe such things, and doest the same, that thou shalt escape the iudgement of God?
Narration uses the Pure Cambridge Edition.
PASSAGE SELECTION
Build from either side
Choose up to 10 verses in this chapter. The study tools update with the selected passage.
SCRIPTURE WITH SCRIPTURE
Cross References
15 Essential passages are open for comparison.
From verse 1
- Romans 2:3Rank 2 from verse 1
- John 8:7–9Rank 3 from verse 1
7So when they continued asking him, he lifted up himself, and said unto them, He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her.
8And again he stooped down, and wrote on the ground.
9And they which heard it, being convicted by their own conscience, went out one by one, beginning at the eldest, even unto the last: and Jesus was left alone, and the woman standing in the midst.
7So when they continued asking him, hee lift vp himselfe, and saide vnto them, *Hee that is without sinne among you, let him first cast a stone at her.
8And againe, hee stouped downe, and wrote on the ground.
9And they which heard it, being conuicted by their owne conscience, went out one by one, beginning at the eldest, euen vnto the last: and Iesus was left alone, and the woman standing in the midst.
- Romans 2:21–23Rank 4 from verse 1
21Thou therefore which teachest another, teachest thou not thyself? thou that preachest a man should not steal, dost thou steal?
22Thou that sayest a man should not commit adultery, dost thou commit adultery? thou that abhorrest idols, dost thou commit sacrilege?
23Thou that makest thy boast of the law, through breaking the law dishonourest thou God?
21Thou therefore which teachest another, teachest thou not thy selfe? thou that preachest a man should not steale, doest thou steale?
22Thou that sayest a man should not commit adulterie, doest thou commit adulterie? thou that abhorrest idols, doest thou commit sacriledge?
23Thou that makest thy boast of the Law, through breaking the Law dishonourest thou God?
- Matthew 7:1–5Rank 5 from verse 1
1JUDGE not, that ye be not judged.
2For with what judgment ye judge, ye shall be judged: and with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again.
3And why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brother’s eye, but considerest not the beam that is in thine own eye?
4Or how wilt thou say to thy brother, Let me pull out the mote out of thine eye; and, behold, a beam is in thine own eye?
5Thou hypocrite, first cast out the beam out of thine own eye; and then shalt thou see clearly to cast out the mote out of thy brother’s eye.
1¶ Iudge *not, that ye be not iudged.
2For with what iudgment ye iudge, yee shall be iudged: *and with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you againe.
3*And why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brothers eye, but considerest not the beame that is in thine owne eye?
4Or how wilt thou say to thy brother, Let mee pull out the mote out of thine eye, and beholde, a beame is in thine owne eye?
5Thou hypocrite, first cast out the beame out of thine owne eye: and then shalt thou see clearely to cast out the mote out of thy brothers eye.
- Romans 1:18–20Rank 6 from verse 1
18For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth in unrighteousness;
19Because that which may be known of God is manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them.
20For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse:
18For the wrath of God is reueiled from heauen against all vngodlinesse, and vnrighteousnesse of men, who hold the trueth in vnrighteousnesse.
19Because that which may bee knowen of God, is manifest in ‖them, for God hath shewed it vnto them.
20For the inuisible things of him from the Creation of the world, are clearely seene, being vnderstood by the things that are made, euen his eternall Power and Godhead, ‖so that they are without excuse:
- 2 Samuel 12:5–7Rank 7 from verse 1
5And David’s anger was greatly kindled against the man; and he said to Nathan, As the Lord liveth, the man that hath done this thing shall surely die:
6And he shall restore the lamb fourfold, because he did this thing, and because he had no pity.
7¶ And Nathan said to David, Thou art the man. Thus saith the Lord God of Israel, I anointed thee king over Israel, and I delivered thee out of the hand of Saul;
5And Dauids anger was greatly kindled against the man, and he said to Nathan, As the LORD liueth, the man that hath done this thing, shall ‖surely die.
6And he shall restore the Lambe *fourefold, because he did this thing, and because he had no pittie.
7¶ And Nathan said to Dauid, Thou art the man: thus saith the LORD God of Israel, I *anointed thee king ouer Israel, and I deliuered thee out of the hand of Saul,
- Psalms 50:16–20Rank 8 from verse 1
16But unto the wicked God saith, What hast thou to do to declare my statutes, or that thou shouldest take my covenant in thy mouth?
17Seeing thou hatest instruction, and castest my words behind thee.
18When thou sawest a thief, then thou consentedst with him, and hast been partaker with adulterers.
19Thou givest thy mouth to evil, and thy tongue frameth deceit.
20Thou sittest and speakest against thy brother; thou slanderest thine own mother’s son.
16But vnto the wicked God saith, What hast thou to doe, to declare my Statutes, or that thou shouldest take my Couenant in thy mouth?
17*Seeing thou hatest instruction, and castest my words behinde thee.
18†When thou sawest a thiefe, then thou consentedst with him, and hast bene partaker with adulterers.
19†Thou giuest thy mouth to euill, and thy tongue frameth deceit.
20Thou sittest and speakest against thy brother; thou slanderest thine owne mothers sonne.
- Romans 9:20Rank 9 from verse 1
- Matthew 23:29–31Rank 10 from verse 1
29Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! because ye build the tombs of the prophets, and garnish the sepulchres of the righteous,
30And say, If we had been in the days of our fathers, we would not have been partakers with them in the blood of the prophets.
31Wherefore ye be witnesses unto yourselves, that ye are the children of them which killed the prophets.
29Woe vnto you Scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites, because ye build the tombes of the Prophets, and garnish the sepulchres of the righteous,
30And say, If wee had beene in the dayes of our fathers, wee would not haue bene partakers with them in the blood of the Prophets.
31Wherefore ye bee witnesses vnto your selues, that yee are the children of them which killed the Prophets.
- James 4:11Rank 11 from verse 1
11Speak not evil one of another, brethren. He that speaketh evil of his brother, and judgeth his brother, speaketh evil of the law, and judgeth the law: but if thou judge the law, thou art not a doer of the law, but a judge.
11Speake not euill one of another (brethren:) he that speaketh euill of his brother, and iudgeth his brother, speaketh euill of the Law, and iudgeth the Law: but if thou iudge the Law, thou art not a doer of the Law, but a iudge.
- James 2:20Rank 12 from verse 1
- Luke 19:22Rank 13 from verse 1
22And he saith unto him, Out of thine own mouth will I judge thee, thou wicked servant. Thou knewest that I was an austere man, taking up that I laid not down, and reaping that I did not sow:
22And hee saith vnto him, Out of thine owne mouth will I iudge thee, thou wicked seruant: Thou knewest that I was an austere man, taking vp that I layde not downe, and reaping that I did not sow.
- 1 Corinthians 7:16Rank 14 from verse 1
- Romans 2:26–27Rank 15 from verse 1
26Therefore if the uncircumcision keep the righteousness of the law, shall not his uncircumcision be counted for circumcision?
27And shall not uncircumcision which is by nature, if it fulfil the law, judge thee, who by the letter and circumcision dost transgress the law?
26Therefore, if the vncircumcision keepe the righteousnesse of the Law, shall not his vncircumcision be counted for Circumcision?
27And shall not vncircumcision which is by nature, if it fulfill the Law, iudge thee, who by the letter, and Circumcision, doest transgresse the Law?
From verse 2
- Psalms 9:7–8Rank 1 from verse 2
7But the Lord shall endure for ever: he hath prepared his throne for judgment.
8And he shall judge the world in righteousness, he shall minister judgment to the people in uprightness.
7*But the LORD shall endure for euer: he hath prepared his throne for iudgement.
8And hee shall iudge the world in righteousnesse; he shall minister iudgement to the people in vprightnesse.
- Zephaniah 3:5Rank 2 from verse 2
5The just Lord is in the midst thereof; he will not do iniquity: every morning doth he bring his judgment to light, he faileth not; but the unjust knoweth no shame.
5The iust LORD is in the middest thereof: he will not doe iniquitie: †euery morning doeth hee bring his iudgement to light, he faileth not: but the vniust knoweth no shame.
- Psalms 145:17Rank 3 from verse 2
- Jeremiah 12:1Rank 4 from verse 2
1RIGHTEOUS art thou, O Lord, when I plead with thee: yet let me talk with thee of thy judgments: Wherefore doth the way of the wicked prosper? wherefore are all they happy that deal very treacherously?
1¶ ‖*Righteous art thou, O LORD, when I pleade with thee: yet let mee talke with thee of thy iudgements: Wherefore doeth the way of the wicked prosper? Wherefore are all they happie that deale very treacherously?
- Psalms 98:9Rank 5 from verse 2
- 2 Thessalonians 1:5–10Rank 6 from verse 2
5Which is a manifest token of the righteous judgment of God, that ye may be counted worthy of the kingdom of God, for which ye also suffer:
6Seeing it is a righteous thing with God to recompense tribulation to them that trouble you;
7And to you who are troubled rest with us, when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven with his mighty angels,
8In flaming fire taking vengeance on them that know not God, and that obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ:
9Who shall be punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord, and from the glory of his power;
10When he shall come to be glorified in his saints, and to be admired in all them that believe (because our testimony among you was believed) in that day.
5 Which is a manifest token of the righteous iudgement of God, that yee may bee counted worthy of the kingdome of God, for which yee also suffer;
6Seeing it is a righteous thing with God to recompence tribulation to them that trouble you:
7And to you who are troubled, rest with vs, when the Lord Iesus shalbe reuealed from heauen, †with his mightie Angels,
8In flaming fire, ‖taking vengeance on them that know not God, and that obey not the Gospel of our Lorde Iesus Christ,
9Who shalbe punished with euerlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord, and from the glory of his power:
10When hee shall come to bee glorified in his Saints, and to bee admired in all them that beleeue (because our testimony among you was beleeued) in that day.
- Psalms 96:13Rank 7 from verse 2
- Revelation 16:5Rank 8 from verse 2
- Acts 17:31Rank 9 from verse 2
31Because he hath appointed a day, in the which he will judge the world in righteousness by that man whom he hath ordained; whereof he hath given assurance unto all men, in that he hath raised him from the dead.
31Because hee hath appointed a day in the which he will iudge the world in righteousnesse, by that man whom hee hath ordeined, whereof he ‖hath giuen assurance vnto all men, in that he hath raised him from the dead.
- Daniel 4:37Rank 10 from verse 2
37Now I Nebuchadnezzar praise and extol and honour the King of heaven, all whose works are truth, and his ways judgment: and those that walk in pride he is able to abase.
37Now I Nebuchad-nezzar praise, and extoll and honour the King of heauen, all whose workes are truth, and his waies iudgement, and those that walke in pride he is able to abase.
- Ezekiel 18:25Rank 11 from verse 2
- Ezekiel 18:29Rank 12 from verse 2
- Isaiah 45:19Rank 13 from verse 2
19I have not spoken in secret, in a dark place of the earth: I said not unto the seed of Jacob, Seek ye me in vain: I the Lord speak righteousness, I declare things that are right.
19*I haue not spoken in secret, in a darke place of the earth: I said not vnto the seed of Iacob, Seeke ye mee in vaine: I the LORD speake righteousnesse, I declare things that are right.
- Isaiah 45:21Rank 14 from verse 2
21Tell ye, and bring them near; yea, let them take counsel together: who hath declared this from ancient time? who hath told it from that time? have not I the Lord? and there is no God else beside me; a just God and a Saviour; there is none beside me.
21Tell ye and bring them neere, yea let them take counsell together, who hath declared this from ancient time? who hath told it from that time? Haue not I the LORD? and there is no God else beside me, a iust God and a Sauiour, there is none beside me.
- Job 34:17–19Rank 15 from verse 2
17Shall even he that hateth right govern? and wilt thou condemn him that is most just?
18Is it fit to say to a king, Thou art wicked? and to princes, Ye are ungodly?
19How much less to him that accepteth not the persons of princes, nor regardeth the rich more than the poor? for they all are the work of his hands.
17†Shall euen he that hateth right, gouerne? and wilt thou condemne him that is most iust?
18 Is it fit to say to a King, Thou art wicked? and to Princes, Ye are vngodly?
19*How much lesse to him that accepteth not the persons of Princes, nor regardeth the rich more then the poore? for they all are the woorke of his hands.
- Psalms 11:5–7Rank 16 from verse 2
5The Lord trieth the righteous: but the wicked and him that loveth violence his soul hateth.
6Upon the wicked he shall rain snares, fire and brimstone, and an horrible tempest: this shall be the portion of their cup.
7For the righteous Lord loveth righteousness; his countenance doth behold the upright.
5The LORD trieth the righteous: but the wicked and him that loueth violence, his soule hateth.
6‖Upon the wicked hee shall raine snares, fire and brimstone, and an horrible tempest: this shall be the portion of their cup.
7For the righteous LORD loueth righteousnesse: his countenance doeth behold the vpright.
- Psalms 36:5–6Rank 17 from verse 2
5Thy mercy, O Lord, is in the heavens; and thy faithfulness reacheth unto the clouds.
6Thy righteousness is like the great mountains; thy judgments are a great deep: O Lord, thou preservest man and beast.
5*Thy mercie (O LORD) is in the heauens; and thy faithfulnesse reacheth vnto the cloudes.
6†Thy righteousnesse is like the great mountaines; thy iudgements are a great deepe; O LORD, thou preseruest man and beast.
- Psalms 9:4Rank 18 from verse 2
- Revelation 15:3–4Rank 19 from verse 2
3And they sing the song of Moses the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb, saying, Great and marvellous are thy works, Lord God Almighty; just and true are thy ways, thou King of saints.
4Who shall not fear thee, O Lord, and glorify thy name? for thou only art holy: for all nations shall come and worship before thee; for thy judgments are made manifest.
3*And they sing the song of Moses the seruant of God, and the song of the Lambe, saying, Great and marueilous are thy workes, Lord God Almightie, *iust and true are thy wayes, thou king of saints.
4*Who shall not feare thee, O Lord, and glorifie thy Name? for thou onely art holy: for all nations shall come and worship before thee, for thy iudgements are made manifest.
- Revelation 19:2Rank 20 from verse 2
2For true and righteous are his judgments: for he hath judged the great whore, which did corrupt the earth with her fornication, and hath avenged the blood of his servants at her hand.
2For true and righteous are his iudgements, for hee hath iudged the great whore which did corrupt the earth with her fornication, and hath auenged the blood of his seruants at her hand.
- Romans 2:5Rank 21 from verse 2
5But after thy hardness and impenitent heart treasurest up unto thyself wrath against the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God;
5But after thy hardnesse, and impenitent heart, *treasurest vp vnto thy selfe wrath, against the day of wrath, and reuelation of the righteous iudgement of God:
- Romans 3:4–5Rank 22 from verse 2
4God forbid: yea, let God be true, but every man a liar; as it is written, That thou mightest be justified in thy sayings, and mightest overcome when thou art judged.
5But if our unrighteousness commend the righteousness of God, what shall we say? Is God unrighteous who taketh vengeance? (I speak as a man)
4God forbid: yea, let God be true, but euery man a lier, as it is written, *That thou mightest be iustified in thy sayings, and mightest ouercome when thou art iudged.
5But if our vnrighteousnesse commend the righteousnesse of God, what shall we say? is God vnrighteous who taketh vengeance? (I speake as a man)
- Romans 9:14Rank 23 from verse 2
- Genesis 18:25Rank 25 from verse 2
25That be far from thee to do after this manner, to slay the righteous with the wicked: and that the righteous should be as the wicked, that be far from thee: Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?
25That be farre from thee, to do after this maner, to slay the righteous with the wicked, and that the righteous should be as the wicked, that be farre from thee: Shall not the Iudge of all the earth doe right?
From verse 3
- Proverbs 16:5Rank 1 from verse 3
- Luke 12:14Rank 2 from verse 3
- Romans 1:32–1Rank 3 from verse 3
Verse text is unavailable.
Verse text is unavailable.
- Matthew 23:33Rank 4 from verse 3
- 1 Thessalonians 5:3Rank 5 from verse 3
- 2 Samuel 10:3Rank 6 from verse 3
3And the princes of the children of Ammon said unto Hanun their lord, Thinkest thou that David doth honour thy father, that he hath sent comforters unto thee? hath not David rather sent his servants unto thee, to search the city, and to spy it out, and to overthrow it?
3And the princes of the children of Ammon saide vnto Hanun their lord, †Thinkest thou that Dauid doeth honour thy father, that he hath sent comforters vnto thee? Hath not Dauid rather sent his seruants vnto thee, to search the citie, and to spie it out, and to ouerthrow it?
- Daniel 10:19Rank 7 from verse 3
19And said, O man greatly beloved, fear not: peace be unto thee, be strong, yea, be strong. And when he had spoken unto me, I was strengthened, and said, Let my lord speak; for thou hast strengthened me.
19And said; O man greatly beloued, feare not: peace be vnto thee, be strong, yea be strong; and when he had spoken vnto me, I was strengthened, and said; Let my LORD speake; for thou hast strengthened me.
- Ezekiel 17:15Rank 8 from verse 3
15But he rebelled against him in sending his ambassadors into Egypt, that they might give him horses and much people. Shall he prosper? shall he escape that doeth such things? or shall he break the covenant, and be delivered?
15But he rebelled against him in sending his ambassadours into Egypt, that they might giue him horses and much people: shall he prosper? shall he escape that doeth such things? or shall hee breake the Couenant, and bee deliuered?
- Luke 22:58Rank 10 from verse 3
- Matthew 26:53Rank 11 from verse 3
- Proverbs 11:21Rank 12 from verse 3
- Psalms 50:21Rank 13 from verse 3
21These things hast thou done, and I kept silence; thou thoughtest that I was altogether such an one as thyself: but I will reprove thee, and set them in order before thine eyes.
21These things hast thou done, and I kept silence: thou thoughtest that I was altogether such a one as thy selfe: but I will reproue thee, and set them in order before thine eyes.
- Ezekiel 17:18Rank 14 from verse 3
- Hebrews 12:25Rank 15 from verse 3
25See that ye refuse not him that speaketh. For if they escaped not who refused him that spake on earth, much more shall not we escape, if we turn away from him that speaketh from heaven:
25See that yee refuse not him that speaketh: for if they escaped not who refused him that spake on earth, much more shall not we escape if wee turne away from him that speaketh from heauen.
- Hebrews 2:3Rank 16 from verse 3
3How shall we escape, if we neglect so great salvation; which at the first began to be spoken by the Lord, and was confirmed unto us by them that heard him;
3How shall we escape, if we neglect so great saluation, which at the first began to be spoken by the Lord, and was confirmed vnto vs by them that heard him,
- Luke 22:60Rank 17 from verse 3
- Psalms 56:7Rank 18 from verse 3
WORDS IN THIS PASSAGE
Definitions
Open a word for its full definition and concordance.
DEFINED WORDS
Romans 2:1
The singular second-person subject pronoun, meaning you when directly addressing one person, being, or individually treated addressee.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references · Webster 1828
1. The second-person singular present form of be: are, when one person is addressed. 2. Skill, craft, or skilled workmanship used to make or prepare something.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references
COMBINED MEANING
inexcusable
Without excuse or valid justification; not capable of being excused.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references · Webster 1828
1. A human being or person. 2. Mankind collectively. 3. A male person.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references
Whoever; any person who, without restriction in the stated class.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references
1. In behalf of or in the place of. 2. With respect to, concerning, or toward. 3. Because of or on account of. 4. During or throughout. 5. In order to obtain or reach. 6. As a conjunction, because or seeing that.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references
In what or which place, thing, time, state, action, respect, or matter.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references
1. In "one another" and like reciprocal or distributive constructions, each the other, or one in relation to the other or others. 2. One other, one more, or a different or additional person or thing.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references · Webster 1828
DEFINED WORDS
Romans 2:2
Sense 1: However; marking contrast or qualification. Sense 2: Except or unless; excluding all others or alternatives. Sense 3: Only; no more than what follows.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references · Skeat 1893 · Webster 1828
Certain, firm, secure, dependable, or firmly established.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references
The act, authority, process, cause, or result of judging; discernment, legal hearing, verdict, ordinance, justice, government, vindication, condemnation, or punishment.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references
The one true God.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references
Agreeing or corresponding; in conformity with; as stated, measured, or directed by.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references
1. That which is true; conformity to fact or reality. 2. Faithfulness. 3. God's revealed word.
Meaning drawn from: Direct Scripture definition · KJV context and cross-references · Webster 1828
Opposed to, contrary to, facing, toward, or in contact with; in some settings, exposed to or ready for a stated time.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references · Skeat 1893
1. An interrogative or relative pronoun identifying one or more persons or things from a stated or implied set. 2. That which; what.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references
To do or perpetrate; to entrust, deliver, consign, or place in custody.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references · Webster 1828
DEFINED WORDS
Romans 2:3
Second-person singular present form of think. Sense 1: To form or hold a thought. Sense 2: To judge or suppose. Sense 3: To intend. Sense 4: To consider or remember. Sense 5: To imagine or esteem.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references
The singular second-person subject pronoun, meaning you when directly addressing one person, being, or individually treated addressee.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references · Webster 1828
1. A human being or person. 2. Mankind collectively. 3. A male person.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references
1. An interrogative or relative pronoun identifying one or more persons or things from a stated or implied set. 2. That which; what.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references
To flee from and avoid; to get out of the way; to shun; to obtain security from; to pass without harm.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references
The act, authority, process, cause, or result of judging; discernment, legal hearing, verdict, ordinance, justice, government, vindication, condemnation, or punishment.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references
The one true God.
Meaning drawn from: KJV context and cross-references
READ BEFORE AND AFTER
Surrounding Verses
Nearby Scripture remains separate from the selected passage until you add it.
1THEREFORE thou art inexcusable, O man, whosoever thou art that judgest: for wherein thou judgest another, thou condemnest thyself; for thou that judgest doest the same things.
1¶ Therefore, thou art inexcusable, O man, whosoeuer thou art that iudgest: for wherein thou iudgest another, thou condemnest thy selfe, for thou that iudgest doest the same things.
Selected passage2But we are sure that the judgment of God is according to truth against them which commit such things.
2But wee are sure that the iudgement of God is according to trueth, against them which commit such things.
Selected passage3And thinkest thou this, O man, that judgest them which do such things, and doest the same, that thou shalt escape the judgment of God?
3And thinkest thou this, O man, that iudgest them which doe such things, and doest the same, that thou shalt escape the iudgement of God?
Selected passage4Or despisest thou the riches of his goodness and forbearance and longsuffering; not knowing that the goodness of God leadeth thee to repentance?
4Or despisest thou the riches of his goodnesse, and forbearance, and long suffering, not knowing that the goodnes of God leadeth thee to repentance?